Oral Habits in Children Due to Anxiety, Fear, and Psychological Stress

Abstract

Children develop certain oral habits to overcome fear and anxiety in social situations. These habits are more common in children who have experienced neglect, childhood trauma, or loss of a parent at a young age and who live in orphanages and foster homes. They acquire habits such as nail, lip, and pencil biting, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, prolonged use of pacifiers, mouth breathing, and bruxism. Teeth alignment depends on genetic factors. However, these habits can have a major impact on the development of the maxilla and mandible, as well as the formation of both primary and permanent teeth. Deformities of teeth alignment and soft tissue change may lead to infections and dry mouth because of decreased salivary flow. The severity, duration, and frequency of the habit may affect the degree of malocclusion. Detecting these habits at an early age may help prevent any major impact on the dental, skeletal deformity, and psychological health of children. The key is the timing of the intervention. Timely detection and treatment of the underlying cause may prevent medical, behavioral, and oral health problems. This review article provides an overview of oral habits in children related to psychological stress, fear, and anxiety, and suggests ways to deal with them.