Cow Urine (Gomutra) in Ayurveda and Contemporary Science: From Traditional Applications to Scientific Evidence

Abstract

Cow urine (Gomutra) is an essential element of the Panchagavya therapy, which has been used in Ayurveda for centuries. It has animmense role in the treatment of various diseases and is widely used in Ayurvedic formulations. With the rise in adverse effects ofvarious chemical drugs and the development of antimicrobial resistance, the importance of traditional healing methods and remedieshas increased considerably. This review aims to provide insight into the traditional and scientific aspects of cow urine, including thechemical composition, pharmacological actions, and indications. The data were collected from the literature of classical texts ofAyurveda and modern science. Water, urea, mineral salts, enzymes, hormones, volatile fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and otherorganic substances were found to be present in cow urine. Experimental studies conducted on animals and in vitro models revealedantimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, wound-healing, anticancer, and bioenhancingeffects of cow urine. In addition, synergistic effects of cow urine and its distillate (Cow urine ark) on antimicrobial and chemotherapeuticagents were reported. However, most of the evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies, and more clinical trials are needed toexplore the potential use of cow urine in treating various diseases and to establish its dosage, safety, and mechanism of action. Inconclusion, this review highlights the potential of cow urine as a traditional, multipurpose Ayurvedic medicine that warrants furtherexploration to meet modern medical needs