Psychophysiological effects of Bhastrika and Kapalabhati: A narrative review

Abstract

Kapalabhathi and Bhastrika are two techniques that are similar but are known to produce different psycho-physiological changes. This review intends to narrate the present evidence on the psychophysiological changes following these selected yoga practices. A literature review was performed using the keywords "kapalabhati and bhastrika Pranayama" in PubMed, PubMed Central, IndMed, and Google Scholar between 2013 to 2023. A total of 4156 references were retrieved. The review comprised experimental publications, case studies, and case series in English describing the effects of kapalabhati and bhastrika pranayama. The overwhelming body of research indicates that kapalabhati and bhastrika pranayama treatments have positive impacts in both physiological and therapeutic settings. Findings from the studies conclude that Kapalabhati and Bhastrika pranayama improve neurocognitive, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions in healthy adults. They were also proved to be helpful in treating a number of clinical problem like bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and mental health conditions like stress and anxiety. In general, pranayama can be practiced safely if it is done under the supervision of a qualified teacher. Further large-scale studies with rigorous designs are required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying kapalabhati and bhastrika pranayama in light of the beneficial effects of pranayama.