Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke: Current Insights and Challenges

Abstract

Paediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is a significant cause of acquired brain injury in children, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. The incidence of AIS in children ranges from 1.2 to 8 cases per 100,000, with diverse etiologies that differ from adults, including congenital abnormalities and lifestyle factors. Recent studies highlight the exacerbating role of infections, such as influenza, and the importance of vaccination in prevention. Diagnosis remains challenging due to nonspecific symptoms and the need for rapid imaging techniques, with vascular imaging being crucial for accurate etiological diagnosis. The management of pediatric AIS requires tailored strategies, including the use of thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, although evidence for these treatments in children is limited. Recovery outcomes are influenced by early intervention, access to rehabilitation services, and parental involvement. The establishment of dedicated pediatric stroke centres and standardized protocols are essential for improving diagnosis and treatment outcomes. Additionally, ongoing research is necessary to develop evidence-based guidelines specifically for pediatric stroke management, addressing the unique needs of this vulnerable population to enhance recovery prospects and quality of life for affected children.