Myocardial Infarction in Adolescents: A Growing Concern – A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although it is believed to be uncommon in teenagers, current research indicates that the prevalence of myocardial infarction and its associated consequences is rising in this age group, potentially linked to increasingly hazardous eating and lifestyle choices. Objective: To evaluate and include several recent studies that identify the key differences in risk factors, causes, and clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction in older adults and adolescents, highlighting the growing prevalence of myocardial infarction in adolescents and its unique management strategies. Methodology: Data was collected and analysed following a review of relevant studies published in journals indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Results: Clinical presentation of myocardial infarction is similar in adolescents and older adults. While a positive history of angina, diabetes, and hypertension have a greater impact on adults, a positive smoking history and family history of myocardial infarction are more directly linked to myocardial infarction in younger individuals. Most adolescents present with ischemic discomfort related to congenital abnormalities or acquired changes due to Kawasaki disease, improper medication, and substance use. Primarily, many may have a family history of early coronary heart disease or a history of arterial or venous thrombotic events, which may contribute to their presenting condition. Adolescents and young adults are more likely than middle-aged and older individuals to experience ventricular tachycardias and peak creatine kinase levels. Additionally, adolescents tend to have a better prognosis. Conclusion: There is a higher prevalence of myocardial infarction in adolescents, and notable distinctions exist between adolescents and older individuals regarding their presentation, investigation results, and risk factors for myocardial infarction.