Indian Journal of Pharmacy & Drug Studies
Discipline: Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: XXXX-XXXX Starting Year: 2022 Current volume: Volume 3 Issue per year: 4 issues Indexing: Google Scholar Editor-in-chief: Kumaraswamy Gandla E-mail: editor.ijpds@mansapublishers.com
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM): A Necessity in Critical Care and Transplant Settings
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) personalizes dosage by quantifying plasma concentrations to enhance treatment effectiveness and reduce toxicity. In critically sick patients and transplant recipients, pathophysiological alterations, restricted therapeutic indices, and organ support measures frequently result in unexpected pharmacokinetics (PK). This study emphasizes TDM's significance in critical care and transplantation, concentrating on antimicrobials such as vancomycin, β-lactams, antifungals, and immunosuppressants like tacrolimus, cyclosporine, and mycophenolic acid, substantiated by PubMed-cited literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rashmi Agrawal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Application of Artificial Intelligence in drug discovery, designing, clinical trials and repurposing
Drug development, right from discovery, designing, and repurposing, along with various phases to clinical trials, is a complex and time-consuming process that traditionally relies on the experience of labor forces, along with incessant trial-and-error experimentation. The emergence of various artificial intelligence (AI) tools and techniques is redefining the pharmaceutical industry. The integration of AI-driven methodologies into all stages of the drug development pipeline has enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of the process. With this review, we aim to provide insights into the application of AI at various stages mentioned, with an emphasis on the latest advancements. The role of AI in speeding up the process of drug development while giving distinct and accurate outcomes is highlighted as well. Finally, we addressed the current challenges in employing AI along with future perspectives in order to enhance AI-augmented drug development, ultimately offering significant benefits to patients and society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rashmi Agrawal, Meghashyama Kulkarni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of hair growth potential of Angustifolia leaves hair gel in rats
Background: Hair loss, or alopecia, significantly affects both physical appearance and psychological well-being, particularly in cases such as androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata. Current pharmacological treatments like minoxidil and finasteride have limitations, including side effects and decreased long-term efficacy. Objectives: An ethanolic extract of Senna angustifolia (EESA), a traditionally used Ayurvedic plant, was evaluated for its hair growth-promoting potential using in vivo rat models. Methodology: The research began with the successful extraction of phytoconstituents from Senna angustifolia leaves using Soxhlet extraction. The gel was formulated into two concentrations—2.5% and 5% EESA—and compared with a control and standard 2% minoxidil treatment. Hair growth studies were performed on Wistar rats by evaluating both qualitative (initiation and completion of hair growth) and quantitative parameters (hair length, follicle count, and histological observations). Results: Qualitative hair growth analysis indicated that both EESA concentrations accelerated hair growth, with 5% EESA (HG2) showing a significantly faster initiation and completion time (7.01 and 32.4 days, respectively) compared to control (13.8 and 42.6 days) and even slightly outperforming minoxidil (7.07 and 33.0 days). Quantitative analysis supported these findings. By day 30, HG2 achieved the greatest hair length (2.8 mm), marginally higher than minoxidil (2.4 mm) and significantly more than the control (1.2 mm). Histopathological studies corroborated these findings with increased follicle density and size. Conclusion: These results suggest that Senna angustifolia extract exhibits promising hair growth-stimulatory effects and may serve as a natural alternative or complementary treatment for alopecia with minimal irritation potential. Further clinical investigations are warranted to explore its therapeutic application in humans.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manu Bharti, Anjali Bhardwaj, Neha Parveen, Ashwani Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analytical Method Development and Validation
The main objective of the pharmaceutical business is to consistently and economically create goods with the requisite features and quality. The process of finding, creating, and assessing pharmaceutical formulations requires the creation of a methodology. The primary goal of this review article is to examine how the medication development and validation process was carried out, from the beginning of the formulation to the end of the commercial batch. Reliability of the results is essential whenever an analytical method is used to generate results for an array of samples related to medicine. In the pharmaceutical sector, good manufacturing practice (GMP) rules and good laboratory practices (GLP) are adhered to by means of defined validation policies, forms of validation, and validation criteria. Validation is crucial to the efficient operation of the pharmaceutical sector. Validation was done everywhere, from the raw material to the final, stable state. The procedure was appropriately designed, and the validation parameters—specificity, accuracy, quantitation, ruggedness, robustness, and system appropriateness testing—are specified in terms of limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), robustness, and ruggedness with reference to specific drug examples. Both the methodology and evaluation of stability make use of all the validation parameters.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rutik Nitin Patil; Bhupendra L Deore; Darshan Ganesh gurav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EVALUATION OF ANXIOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Phyllanthus niruri LEAVES IN MICE
Anxiety has become one of the most prevalent and widely experienced mental illnesses, affecting 7-30% of the world’s population. It is characterized as a distressing psychological state of mind, which is represented by internal feeling of uneasiness, stress and agony. Various theories, including psychodynamic, psychoanalytic, and genetic perspectives, have been proposed to explain the etiology of anxiety disorders. Certain drugs used for treatment of anxiety have side effects and limitation such as sedation, central complexity, and habituation and during withdrawal of drug. Researchers are actively exploring natural remedies, especially medicinal plants, to address anxiety disorders and minimize potential side effects associated with conventional drugs. Hence in the present study we investigate the anxiolytic activity of the plant Phyllanthus niruri leaves in mice using various experimental models such as Elevated Plus Maze and Light And Dark Chamber. In the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) model, parameters measured included the number of entries in open and closed arms, along with the time spent in each. In the Light and Dark Chamber, measurements encompassed the number of crossings between light and dark sides recorded for 10 minutes, along with the time spent in each side. The administration of the different doses of the plant extract produced significant difference in the locomotor activity of the mice.
Copyright (c) 2024 Spandana Savvaser, Rakshitha Poojary, Soubiya Mahnoor Habibullah, Ashoka Shenoy M https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A case of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection
Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS), is a subtype of acute-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) induced by an immunological reaction to group A streptococcal infection. These diseases may be worsen by an autoimmune response brought on by streptococcal infections. One of the recurring diseases linked to PANDAS is recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis. "Strep throat" (acute suppurative tonsillitis) is a tonsil infection typically caused by Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci (GABHS) bacteria, often leading to intense throat pain, fever, and difficulty swallowing for a few days. Health care providers frequently use a rapid strep test to check the tonsils of patients experiencing a sore throat for GABHS, as untreated infections can lead to more severe health issues. Occasionally, strep throat can result in a body rash (known as scarlet fever) and can also lead to more severe health issues such as arthritis in children, rheumatic fever that can cause long-lasting heart problems, and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis which may result in kidney failure. Here we present a case of 20-year-old male patient with PANDAS, who underwent tonsillectomy. The morbidity associated with this neuropsychiatric condition can be reduced with prompt management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr.Reshma R, Dr. Ajnas K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Alum-based Herbal Handwash: Formulation and Evaluation Study
Hand washing is one of the most important strategies for preventing the spread of surface-borne diseases. A variety of hand washes are currently available on the market, the majority of which are alcohol-based and synthetic. Since synthetic substances can cause various allergic reactions among people, as well as roughness of the skin, society's interest has shifted towards the use of herbal hand washes. However, in addition to the herbal extracts, we investigated alum as one of the most ancient and effective antimicrobial ingredients in hand wash formulations. In this study, F-1 to F-5 formulation batches of hand washes were prepared using a trial and error method by varying the quantity of ingredients used. In these formulations, hydro-alcoholic extracts of lemon peels and reetha, as well as lemon grass oil as a volatile oil and alum as a mineral, were used as the main constituents, which were analysed by phytochemical screening. These formulations were then evaluated using a variety of methods, such as pH, foam height, foam retention, skin irritation, stability study, and an antimicrobial assay. According to our findings, the alum-based F-3 formulation performed significantly better than the other formulations. With the success of this study, we can conclude that, in the future, as herbal drug technology advances, various hygienic and life-saving products will firmly hold their place in human life.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohit J. Umarkar, Pawan V. Jibhkate, Payal G. Thakare, Nilesh B. Banarase, Koshish B. Gabhane, Vikrant L. Salode https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Decoding Leptin: Unraveling the Role of Leptin Signaling in the BattleagainstObesity
Obesity represents a major global health crisis, linked to a spectrum of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Leptin, a hormone predominantly produced by adipose tissue, plays a critical role in regulating energy balance, appetite, and metabolism. Historically, leptin was believed to be a cornerstone in the management of obesity due to its ability to suppress appetite. However, the effectiveness of leptin therapy has been limited by the phenomenon of leptin resistance in obese individuals. This review, titled "Decoding Leptin: Unraveling the Role of Leptin Signaling in the Battle Against Obesity," aims to delve into the molecular intricacies of leptin signaling pathways and their implications in obesity management. We explore the mechanisms underlying leptin resistance, the impact of leptin on neuroendocrine pathways, and the potential for resetting leptin sensitivity as a therapeutic strategy. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in therapeutic approaches aiming to enhance leptin sensitivity or mimic its effects, including novel pharmacological agents and lifestyle modifications that influence leptin signaling. By providing a comprehensive overview of current research and emerging therapies, this review seeks to illuminate the path forward in leveraging leptin signaling for more effective obesity interventions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Soumyadip Singha, Soumyadip Nayak, Rahul Bishayee, Pritam Sarkar, Priyanka Ghosh, Udita Dutta, Poulomi Mishra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
QBD Approach and Chemo metric Method Development for the estimation of Metoprolol succinate and Cilnidipine in combined solid dosage form
Background: Development of several pharmaceutical processes including analytical methods by applying Quality by design assists in ensuring the robustness of the method. USFDA and other regulatory agencies have recommended implementation of Quality by design (QbD) a systematic process for pharmaceutical development along with its significance. Objective: Chemo metric assisted UV-VIS spectrophotometric analytical method based on QbD was developed for the estimation of metoprolol succinate (MET) and cilnidipine (CIL) from the combined dosage forms. Method: Nature of spectra focused applicability of absorbance correction and amplitude modulation methods for estimation of both drugs from the formulations; and 50 % alcohol was being the common solvent. For both this method 221 nm and 242 nm was the wavelength for measurement of absorbance of metoprolol and cilnidipine respectively. Effect of input variables on spectrum characteristics were studied for selection of critical parameters and developed method was validated as per ICH Q 2 R1 regulatory guidelines. Result and conclusion: Linearity of the drugs was ascertained over the conc range 1-36 μg/ml (microgram/ml) for MET and 1-16 μg/ml for CIL. The percentage purity of assay in method II was found 103.773 % for MET and 96.825 % for CIL; and the accuracy study data of method I were varied 2.04859 for MET and 1.26321 for CIL. Precision study was shown acceptable data as % RSD in method I data varied 0.58894 for MET and 1.15116 for CIL. The developed method is rigid, robust and efficient for the estimation of MET and CIL from the composition of dosage form.
Copyright (c) 2024 G. K. Dyade, R. B. Jadhav, Sanket Repal, Shital Uparwad, Prashant Suryawanshi, Aashish Taware, Sonali Khapne, Shweta Kokare, Anuse Dnyaneshwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A New Path for Drug Delivery by Multiple Unit Pellet System (MUPS)
Innovative delivery system that are helpful in enhancing therapeutic objectives and reducing adverse effects are the focus of pharmaceutical research. The advantages of tablets and pellet-filled capsules are combined into a single dose form by MUPS, one of the more complex and inventive technologies. Continuous drug distribution into the bloodstream is made possible by the breakdown of these pills in the stomach and intestine. The current article examines the potential benefits, desirable pellet characteristics, different pelletization methods, MUPS-influencing factors, drug release mechanisms, and pharmaceutical applications, as well as the challenges associated with compaction and the crucial elements that must be considered for MUPS production to be successful.
Copyright (c) 2025 Harshada Rajendra Bafna; Nitin Rajendra Shirsath, Vaibhavkumar Arun Jagtap https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Synthesis, evaluation of antimicrobial activity, and DFT analysis of 1-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)naphthalen-2-ol
In the present work, we report synthesis of 1-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)naphthalen-2-ol an asymmetric catalytic block, fluro-phore and pharmacologically potent triaryl imidazole derivative having naphthalene ring via solvent free eco-friendly method using Debus-Radiszewski condensation reaction of benzil with 2-hydroxy napthaldehyde in presence of molecular iodine as the catalyst and ammonium acetate as the source of nitrogen this method offered the compound in good yield compared to conventional method. The structure of the compound was established based on FTIR, multi nuclear NMR (1H &13C) spectral data and mass spectrometry. Pharmacological potency was evaluated through in-vitro antimicrobial activity against four different bacterial strains (Gram-ve bacteria K aerogenes, E coli, P desmolyticm, Gram+ve bacteria S Aureus) and two strains of fungi (A flavus and C albicans) exhib-iting potent Zone of inhibition of 500μg/50μl and 10μg/50μl respectively in comparison with the standard drugs, followed by in silico ADME evaluation obeying the Lipinski’s rule, molecular docking studies with the binding energy of -8.3 kcal/mo and -8.8 kcal/mol against docked antifungal and antibacterial protein respectively established the good agreement with the in-vitro result. Density functional theory (DFT), electro static potential diagram (ESP) and other computational techniques were utilized to analyze the physicochemical parameters like energy gap, ionization energy, and electron affinity successfully.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pruthviraj K, Chethan B S, Lohith T N, Chandrakumar R, Dinesh Babu N S, Mohan Kumar, Shivaraja G, Sunil K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In silico bioactivity prediction and topical formulation of Piper longum root for skin cancer
Background: Skin cancer is exceedingly common and the incidence is rising rapidly. Although the mortality rate for skin cancer is not as large as other cancers but still a steady mortality rate around the world remains. As per various reports, a significant number of skin cancer cases have been reported in India mostly from the Northern and Eastern regions. Objectives: Although many treatment strategies for skin cancer have been developed over the years, most of them deal with cell toxicity. So, the main objective of this work is to develop a topical formulation using an alternate herbal sourceie, Piper longum which can provide solution to skin cancer. Methodology: A herbal treatment strategy, using Piper longum has been demonstrated by an in silico bioactivity study. Further, a set of topical cream formulations using Piper longum was prepared and evaluated. Results: The study yielded three major compounds, Episesamine (-10.4 kcal/mol), Fargesin (-9.6 kcal/mol) & Pellitorine (-9.1 kcal/mol) from Piper longum were highly effective against skin cancer nuclear receptor for Vitamin D (1DB1). The toxicity predicted by the ProTox II tool revealed all ligands with 4-5 level of toxicity and very high LD50 values can be predicted to be safe for human usage. The evaluation of the cream formulation reveals it to be smooth, semisolid nonirritant in nature having high shelf life and spreadability of around 0.3g.cm/s. Conclusions: Hence from the results we can conclude that Piper longum is predicted to have many phytochemicals with multitude of anti-skin cancer effects and its formulation was also found to be stable, but further, in vitro and in vivo research is required for its usage in humans.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saptarshi Samajdar, Debojit Samajdar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Life–Style and Behavioral Changes after COVID-19: A Perspective
Background and Aims: By May 18th 2020, India investigated 1 lakh infected cases from COVID-19, and as of 11th July 2020, the cases equaled 8 lakhs. Social distancing and lockdown rules were employed in India, which however had an additional impact on the economy, human living, and environment. Where a negative impact was observed on the economy and human life, the environment got a positive one. The impact of measures taken to contain COVID-19 on lifestyle-related behavior is undefined in the Indian population. Methods: The current study was undertaken to assess the impact of COVID-19 on lifestyle-related behaviors. An exploratory and anonymous general population-based Google survey was conducted among 1000 population. Herein, the data for the survey was collected through a well-structured questionnaire and the channel of data collection was Google forms. In brief, the study was conducted among the citizens of the Dhule district, North Maharashtra region, Maharashtra, India. Results: Based on the survey, the participants willingly participated in the study. The majority of participants have seen changes in their life after COVID-19. The participants gave priority in their life to both Family and Health and Connections and Wealth according to the survey. Many participants learn that we need to take mental health seriously to take care of ourselves and devote more time to ourselves. Conclusions: There have been too many changes are observed in human life style as a result of COVID-19.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nitin Rajendra Shirsath, Rohit Shitole; Vaibhavkumar Jagtap, Abhay Ramling Sagare, Ajaygiri Goswami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A comprehensive review of disclosures in academic journals regarding the synthesis of Rasagiline and its closely related compounds along with majorbiological activity advancements
This review article was primarily focused to unwind the prior art disclosures about the synthetic strategies adopted for the preparation of Rasagiline and its closely related scaffolds. Additionally, some of the major biological activity advancements of Rasagiline and its derivatives were also given the priority. It was observed that, propargyl part/ indane part/ or both of Rasagiline was extended through numerous synthetic pathways to achieve enhanced biological activity. Additionally, numerous resolution routes were also executed to isolate the intended product with high chiral purity. Hence, this review contribution can be a good platform for the worldwide researchers to design new routes to synthesize Rasagiline and its structurally close resemblance derivatives.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanjay Sukumar Saralaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Pharmacists in Opioid Addiction Management
Opioid addiction claims thousands of lives every year in the United States. The prevalence of misuse, abuse, and overdose continues to rise despite the measures and initiatives taken by the federal government and other government agencies to manage the problem. These efforts have led to a re evaluation of the role different healthcare providers can play to ensure the problem is adequately addressed. Being one of the most accessible healthcare providers to patients under opioid therapy, pharmacists are better positioned to deal with opioid addiction. They dispense millions of opioids every year making them better positioned to screen for patients who are likely to develop an addiction problem and refer them to treatment resources before the abuse escalates to opioid use disorder (OUD). The aim of this review is to explore the role of pharmacists in opioid addiction management including prevention, screening, education, naloxone prescribing, counselling, and referral to treatment resources. The review also provides pertinent information regarding the current state of the opioid crisis in the US, including recent data on prevalence and opioid related deaths. Exploring the role of pharmacists is instrumental in coming up with effective measures that can help in opioid addiction management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pallav Dave https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An overview of prior art disclosures about the synthesis of lamotrigine and a glimpse of its closely related compounds
In this review contribution, we have gathered the specific details in brief from the prior art disclosures regarding the synthesis of 1 and its closely related compounds. The prior art disclosures were in the form of patent publications and academic journal articles. During the review process it was noticed that, most of the disclosures on the synthesis of 1 were in the form of patent publications. With an emphasis to enhance the physico-chemical properties of 1, a few crystal/co-crystal/ionic salts of 1 are reported mainly in the academic journal articles. The glimpses of some closely related compounds to 1 are also included in this review contribution. This initiative can provide a platform for the global researchers to get an insight into the disclosures towards the synthesis of 1 and a glimpse on its closely related scaffolds. Additionally, the researchers can design new routes to commercialize 1 in future with higher atom economy by adhering to the green chemistry principles.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanjay Sukumar Saralaya, Shashikumar Somashekar Hiriyalau https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Complementary action of ginger as bioenhancers in the treatment of diabetes
Aim and objective: To evaluate the role of Zingiber officinale extract along with glibenclamide on lipid profile in alloxan & streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Method and Materials: The diabetes in rats was induced by the administration of intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (100mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). After 2 days of injection, the hyperglycaemic rats (glucose level > 200 mg/dl) were separated and divided into five groups consisting of six rats in each group. The oral treatment was started from the same day for next three weeks. On 21st day the blood was collected for biochemical estimations by retro orbital puncture. The serum was obtained by centrifuging the blood samples at 3000 rpm for 10 m and used for estimation of SGPT, SGOT, SOD and CAT. Results: Diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide and glibenclamide along with ginger extract showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in the elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in comparison to diabetic control group. The effect was less significant in rats treated with only ginger extract (p<0.01). Also, the HDL level was significantly (p<0.001) increased in glibenclamide and glibenclamide along with ginger treated group. Serum biomarkers such as SGPT and SGOT level were significantly elevated in diabetic control group. The animals treated with glibenclamide and glibenclamide in combination with ginger extract, the elevated SGPT and SGOT levels were normalised significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 respectively) as compared to the diabetic control. From antioxidant studies, it was found that alloxan and streptozotocin induced diabetic control animals showed a significant decrease in the levels of SOD and CAT as compared to normal control. The animals treated with glibenclamide and glibenclamide + ginger extract combination showed significant increase in CAT and SOD (p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively) as compared to diabetic control. Conclusions: The findings of the study suggest that, ginger shows complementary action with glibenclamide in the treatment of diabetes. So it can be considered as a safe supplementary in management of diabetes mellitus. Further studies has to conducted, to check whether dosage of glibenclamide can be reduced when it is given along with ginger.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ashoka Shenoy M, Nitin Mahurkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Emerging Trends in Biomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapy and Genome Editing: A Comprehensive Review
This detailed review navigates the dynamic landscape of cancer therapeutics, shifting focus from conventional approaches to the promising frontiers of immunotherapy and genome editing. Biomaterials, including nanoparticles and hydrogels, are scrutinized for their role in enhancing therapeutic efficacy across various cancer types. Breakthroughs in biomaterial based interventions are emphasized, with a meticulous examination of critical methodological considerations, such as safety, biocompatibility, and de li very efficiency, laying the groundwork for future research. The narrative emphasizes the need for standardization and regulatory compliance to ensure the safety and reliability of emerging therapies moving towards clinical applications. Implications for the ory, practice, and future research highlight the potential of biomaterial based approaches to offer safer and more effective cancer treatments. The integration of personalized medicine is advocated, emphasizing tailored interventions based on individual pa tient profiles. The review underscores the multidisciplinary collaboration across materials science, immunology, and oncology as essential for a holistic understanding and effective development of biomaterial based therapies. Overall, this review contribute s to the ongoing shift towards safer, more efficacious, and personalized cancer therapeutics by exploring innovative avenues in immunotherapy and genome editing, while emphasizing the need for a methodologically rigorous approach in translating these advan cements to clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ramdas Bhat, Preeti Shanbhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing Self-Medication Practices: A Cross-Sectional Study on Implications and Challenges
Aim and Background: The survey aimed to explore and understand the perceptions and attitudes of individuals towards self-medication, and to examine the extent to which they engage in self-medication practices. The survey gathered data on the reasons why individuals choose to self-medicate, the types of medications they use, the sources of information they rely on, and their awareness of the potential risks and benefits of self-medication. Methodology: A total of 120 subjects participated in the study, and the majority of respondents belonged to the age group of 18-20 and 21-25. Among the respondents, 68.5% of them were female, and 51.4% of respondents belonged to healthcare professions/students. Result: When asked about their preference for self-medication, 76.6% of the respondents preferred self-medication, and the majority of respondents (47.7%) opted to self-medicate sometimes. The principal morbidities for which respondents seek self-medication are headache (35.1%), fever, and cold (31.3%). The most commonly used medication for self-medication was analgesics and antipyretics (30.3%) and cough and cold preparations (27%). Results of the survey showed that while self-medication is a preferred mode of treatment for many individuals, most of them were unaware of the potential risks associated with self-medication. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the need for public health interventions aimed at promoting safe and effective medication use.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ramdas Bhat, Fazeela Mohammed Saleem, AR Shabaraya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Chemo metric assisted Spectrophotometric Method Development through Quality by design Approach for the estimation of Bilastine and Montelukast sodium in combined solid dosage form
Objective: Quality by design (QbD) is a systematic process for pharmaceutical development recommended by regulatory agencies like USFDA. Development of various pharmaceutical processes including analytical methods by applying Quality by design aids in ensuring the robustness of the method. QbD approached chemo metric assisted UV-VIS spectrophotometric analytical method was developed for the estimation of Bilastine (BSE) and Montelukast sodium (MKS) from their combined dosage forms. Materials and Method: Simultaneous equation method was selected from the nature of spectra, solvent 50 % alcohol was utilised; and for method 274.5 nm and 351.5 nm was the wavelength for measurement of absorbance of bilastine and montelukast sodium respectively. Effect of input variables on spectrum characteristics were studied for selection of critical parameters and developed method was validated as per ICH Q 2 R1 regulatory guidelines. Linearity of the drugs was ascertained over the conc range 1-32 mcg/ml (microgram/ml) for BSE and 1-20 mcg/ml for MKS. Results and Discussion: The percentage purity of assay was found 98.09 % for BSE and 103.62 % for MKS; and the accuracy study data were varied from 0.2523 to 0.5221 for BSE and 0.2512 to 1.2515 for MKS. Precision study was shown acceptable data as SD data varied from 0.1902 to 0.5773 for BSE and from 0.2828 to 0.5458 for MKS. Conclusion: The developed method is rigid, robust and efficient for the estimation of BSE and MKS from the composition of dosage form. QbD was applied to build rigid robust method through risk assessment at early stage and defining the design space at the later stage.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bhagyashri D Kolekar, Namrata N Gawade, G K Dyade, Nilesh Y Jadhav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A review of plants and essential oils effective as natural remedies against bedbugs
Called Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus, the bedbug has made its return to daily life in many developed countries since the 1990s, although it had practically disappeared since the 1950s. The resurgence of bedbug infestations can be explained partly by the evolution of the lifestyle and by the mode of consumption favoring second-hand purchasing. One of the main factors behind their resurgence is the excessive use of synthetic insecticides with similar modes of action, which has led to the development of insecticide resistance. The application of synthetic insecticides indoors or in the environment is a public health concern due to the toxic effects that can result from prolonged exposure to these chemicals. It is for this reason that there is an increased demand from the public for the use of effective “green” products for urban pest control. Natural insecticides, including EOs are considered safe due to their low toxicity to humans and animals. Thanks to a search in ethnobotanical studies, we identified a list of 10 plants used in the fight against bedbugs: Lavandula latifolia spica, Corymbia citriodora, Syzygium aromaticum (L), Cymbopogon winterianus jowitt, Thymus vulgaris, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Phaseolus vulgaris, Oreganum vulgare L., Tagetes paluta L. and Cinnamomum camphora. The study of the literature that we subsequently carried out showed that these plants/essential oils/components act according to 4 mechanisms, namely: topical, neurological, mechanical or fumigant effects. We therefore conclude that the use of preparations of natural origin has the advantage of avoiding the toxic and polluting harm of substances of chemical and synthetic origin and that it is desirable to continue research and investigation of the composition details of its plants and essential oils.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nihal Bhirich, Ghita Salime Meknassi, Mohamed Yafout, Hicham Elhorr, Amal Ait Haj Said, Brahim Mojemmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Application of Alternative Medicine as a Curative Therapy of Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Comprehensive Review
The term Alternative Medicine is used to denote a form of medicine that falls outside the mainstream of western medicine. These medicines exist in all cultures to some degrees and terms such as traditional medicines, indigenous medicines, holistic medicines, folk medicines and oriental medicines. When such medicines and related therapies are applied in the dental field, the term holistic dentistry is used. Alternative medicines or therapy encompasses a variety of disciplines such as acupuncture, chiropractic treatment, guided imagery, yoga, biofeedback, hypnosis, aromatherapy, herbal remedies, relaxation, massage etc. There is common patient belief that these therapies are safe to use. However, there is lack of sufficient scientifically proven data regarding their safety. The emphasis with most alternative therapies is based upon the natural healing capability of the body. This article emphasis the use of various alternative therapies, their advantages, mechanism of actions, side effects and implications in dentistry.
Copyright (c) 2024 Annayat Ghuman, Mehar Ghuman, Pankaj Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Epilepsy Unveiled: Advances in Understanding, Diagnosis, and Management
In addition to the numerous stress that characterize individuals today's fast-paced lives, the majority of people on the planet encounter various neurological problems. Epilepsy, one of the most common neurological disorders of the brain, affects over 50 million people worldwide. 90% of whom are from developing nations. Genetic factors, brain infections, strokes, tumors, and high body temperatures are all contributors to epilepsy. Along with the social stigma that brings discrimination against patients and even their families in the community, it also, creates a significant financial burden on the healthcare systems of different countries. People with epilepsy frequently experience extreme mental suffering, behavioral problems, and little to no social engagement. Numerous seizure types exist, as are numerous mechanisms by which the brain can trigger seizures. Neuronal hyperexcitability and neural circuit hypersynchrony are the two fundamental features of seizure genesis. Numerous mechanisms may disturb the equilibrium between excitation and inhibition, predisposing a specific or generalized region of the brain to hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony. The review will include the classification, background, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of epilepsy.
Copyright (c) 2023 Shrijita Sikdar, Udita Dutta, Ayan Ghosh, Suparna Mondal, Krisnendu Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Natural Immunomodulators: Promising Therapy for Disease Management
The immune system comprises a complex group of processes that provide defense against diverse pathogens. These defenses can be divided into innate and adaptive immunity, in which specific immune components converge to limit infections. We reviewed currently available experimental and clinical evidence to prove the efficiency, safety, and feasibility of immunomodulation in-vitro and in-vivo. We also reviewed the advantages and limitations of the described techniques. Despite its limitations, immunomodulation is considered as the therapy itself or as an adjunct with promising results and developing potential. Many plants and some phytoconstituents responsible for immunomodulation have been explained. The study also discusses biological screening methods for various plant drugs that focus on revealing the mechanism involved in immunomodulation. Nutraceuticals are essential food constituents that provide nutritional benefits as well as medicinal effects. The benefits of these foods are due to the presence of active compounds such as carotenoids, collagen hydrolysate, and dietary fibers.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muskan Altaf Tamboli, Rutuja Ramdas Bhosale, Naziya Ashpak Tamboli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An overview of prior patents for the sequential progress in the synthetic approaches of Rasagiline, its salts, crystallographic forms and impurities
This review work was intended to provide the essential details disclosed in prior patents on the synthesis of Rasagiline, its salts (as crystalline or amorphous forms) and a few impurities. Quite a high number of patents were published in various patent trademark offices around the world regarding the synthesis of Rasagiline. Among them, the patents which fall under the similar family are excluded to prevent the possible duplication of the information. The remaining distinct patents were carefully reviewed and the particulars are grouped in chronological order. Moreover, this initiative can provide an essential backyard for the global researchers and the organizations to get the details on the methodological flourish of Rasagiline. More importantly, the work forms a firm basis for to invent/innovate a few more new strategies to commercialize Rasagiline in its pharmaceutically suitable and stable forms. Additionally, researchers can avail the information about the organizations which are behind the continuous process improvement on various aspects of Rasagiline.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sanjay Sukumar Saralaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Incidence of thrombocytopenia one month after initiation of heparin during hemodialysis: A n observational study
Thrombocytopenia, a platelet count below 150 × 109/L, may be acquired or congenital. In patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, thrombocytopenia may be multi-factorial. However, the most worrisome of these is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), as it causes thrombosis in various vital organs in addition to bleeding. Heparin is the mainstay of anticoagulation on hemodialysis to prevent clotting in the extra-corporeal circuit. HIT may be either Type 1 (non-immune) or Type 2 (immune). The protocol of testing for the presence of thrombocytopenia 1 month after starting heparin on hemodialysis is seldom followed and the exact incidence of HIT in eastern India is unknown. We studied hemodialysis patients in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata over a period of 9 months. All of them had platelet counts checked after starting hemodialysis as per protocol. No patients had symptoms or signs of HIT. A drop in platelet count was noticed in 3 patients, but it was transient and attributable to other causes. It did not necessitate stopping of heparin and the platelet count spontaneously improved. So, it is reassuring that HIT is rare in the eastern part of India.
Anti heparin platelet factor 4 antibodies
Copyright (c) 2023 Krisnendu Das, Utpal Bhui, Arghya Majumdar, Sanmoy Karmakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Herbal face pack formulation from Citrullus lanatus
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. Even though watermelon is commonly classified as a vegetable, it is botanically considered as a fruit and used primarily as a dessert. The main aim of this study is, to evaluate and formulate the Citrullus lanatus face pack. Watermelon rind powder, turmeric powder and sandal wood powder were used for this formulation. The dried powders were mixed and passed from sieve no. 120. Particle size of the powder was found to be 125 micron. The organoleptic evaluations, irritancy test, rheological evaluations, pH value, ash value determination, moisture content evaluation were performed. The herbal face pack is used to stimulate blood circulation, recreate the muscle, regulate the elasticity of skin and cleansing the skin. The herbal formulations has the less side effects. So, we decided to work on the herbal face pack.
Copyright (c) 2024 Supriya Mhamane; Revati Kadam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Marburg Virus Disease: Latest Outbreak and Current Research Review
The Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a severe and deadly viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Marburg virus. Recent outbreaks have raised global concerns due to the severity of the disease, high mortality rate, and limited treatment options. This review provides an overview of the latest outbreak and current research on MVD, including efforts to understand the virus's epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and diagnosis, as well as the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines. Advances in diagnostic techniques and experimental antiviral drugs show promising results. However, controlling outbreaks remains challenging due to various factors such as limited access to affected areas, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and community resistance to interventions. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach involving public health measures, clinical care, and research efforts is crucial in mitigating the impact of MVD outbreaks and improving patient outcomes. Further research and collaborative efforts are needed to develop effective strategies for preventing and managing MVD and protecting public health.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ramdas Bhat, Preeti Shanbhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In-vitro anti-oxidant activity of leaves of Cicer arietinum
Background: Cicer arietinum also known as chickpea. Chickpea plant belongs to family Fabaceae. Chickpeas are an essential food plant in India, Africa and Central and South America. This study concludes the Cicer arietinum leave’s anti-oxidant activity. It shows anti-oxidant activity and it is used to reduce oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: This work conceived the anti-oxidant activity of leave’s of Cicer arietinum via DPPH scavenging activity and measuring the absorbance at 517nm. Result: The maximum peak of free radical scavenging activity by using ethanolic and hydro-alcoholic extract is observed at 400μg/ml. By comparing both the extract hydro-alcoholic extract shows maximum percentage inhibition. Conclusion: Thus, the high percentage inhibition of hydro-alcoholic extract which is 51.31% can be more effective as an antioxidant than the ethanolic extract.
Copyright (c) 2024 Supriya Mhamane; Priyanka Adat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum also known as Bengal gram. This plant belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is cultivated in India in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra. This study shows that Cicer arietinum leaves anti-inflammatory activity. It is used to decrease inflammation. This work estimates the anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Cicer arietinum by using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 660nm. The maximum peak of inhibition of protein denaturation by using ethanolic and hydro-alcoholic extract is observed at 500μg/ml. By comparing both the extract ethanolic extract shows maximum percentage inhibition.
Copyright (c) 2023 Supriya Mhamane; Priyanka Adat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0