The Nexus of Mouthwash, Oral Dysbiosis, and Cardiovascular Health: A Review

Abstract

The human oral cavity is home to a diverse microbial community consisting of bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses that thrive on various surfaces. These bacteria influence oral hygiene and also play a vital role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Oral Hygiene has become one of the most important factors of overall health and a crucial determinant of social health. The mouthwash and oral hygiene market is estimated to include 202.58 million consumers in 2024. Regular use of mouthwashes has been shown to improve oral and dental hygiene; however, mouthwash-induced oral dysbiosis has become a concern. It is found to induce a proinflammatory state that promotes atherosclerosis, worsens insulin resistance and hypertension, and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The guidelines for determining the use of mouthwash that takes into account both the benefits and harm associated with its use are not clear and are a topic of further research. The complex interplay between oral dysbiosis, oral hygiene, and cardiovascular outcomes highlights the need for a comprehensive understanding of these relationships to improve oral and cardiovascular health. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of mouthwash-induced oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular function and discusses various evidence to compare the pros and cons of mouthwash usage.